The Monthly Lemma

Word notes

Where everyday words really come from. A taste of what arrives, beautifully printed, every month.

Why are doctors called doctors?

A doctor is, literally, a teacher. The word is Latin for 'one who teaches,' and it meant a scholar for centuries before it meant a physician. The academic doctorate is not an imitation of the medical title. It is the original.

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Is it coleslaw or coldslaw?

It is coleslaw, from the Dutch for 'cabbage salad,' with no cold in it at all. But the people who say coldslaw are doing something English has done for centuries: quietly reshaping a word that stopped making sense, the same way we got apron, adder, and bridegroom.

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Why is Bluetooth called Bluetooth?

Bluetooth is named after a real Viking king, Harald 'Bluetooth' Gormsson, who united the warring tribes of Denmark. The technology borrowed his name because it united rival devices, and its logo is his initials written in runes.

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Where do our election words come from?

A candidate is a man in white. A ballot is a little ball. To vote is to make a vow, and to be inaugurated is to have the birds approve of you. The vocabulary of the ballot box is one of the most crowded museums in the language.

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Where do our words for heat come from?

Sweltering means dying of heat. The dog days are named after a star. Nonchalant secretly means not getting warm. In the middle of a heatwave, the words we reach for turn out to be far more dramatic than the weather.

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Why do animals sound different in different languages?

A dog says woof in English, wan wan in Japanese, and guau in Spanish, yet it is the same dog. The reason animal sounds change from language to language reveals something surprising, and it is not about the animals at all.

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Where do religious words come from?

Worship means worth-ship. Bless is rooted in blood. Messiah and Christ are the same word in two languages. The vocabulary of faith is some of the oldest and most travelled in any language, and it is full of buried pictures.

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Where do the names for numbers come from?

Five is a fist. Eleven means 'one left over.' Zero and cipher are the same word for 'empty.' The names of numbers are the oldest words we have, and they still carry a record of how humans first learned to count.

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Why is the turkey named after Turkey?

The turkey is a North American bird that has never lived wild anywhere near Turkey. So why does it carry the country's name? A four-hundred-year comedy of errors, ending with a country that changed its own name partly to get away from the bird.

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Why do polite words keep going bad?

Toilet, lavatory, bathroom, restroom: we keep inventing gentle words for awkward things, and they keep turning blunt. Linguists call it the euphemism treadmill, and it reveals something honest about how language works.

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Where do soccer's words come from?

Pitch, derby, nutmeg, pundit, hooligan: the vocabulary of football is full of buried history, from a Victorian spice-trade swindle to a Sanskrit word for a scholar. A World Cup tour of where the words came from.

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What is the plural of octopus?

Octopi, octopuses, or octopodes? The confident answer is the wrong one: octopus is Greek, not Latin, so the -i ending is a mistake made by trying to sound educated. The plain answer turns out to be the best one.

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What does OK actually stand for?

OK may be the most widely understood word on earth, and almost every confident explanation of it is wrong. The real answer: a bad joke in a Boston newspaper in 1839, which then got lucky twice.

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Why do Americans call it soccer?

Soccer sounds like the most American word in sport, but England invented it. The origin runs from a Victorian rulebook through a piece of Oxford student slang, and the story is the opposite of what most people think.

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Why does etymology actually matter?

Etymology is more than trivia. Knowing where words come from reveals hidden history, sharpens how you read, and guards you against the good stories that turn out to be false. Here is the honest case for it.

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Why is learning a word's origin so satisfying?

Why does discovering where a word comes from feel so good? Because every ordinary word is a fossil, and etymology is the small, endless pleasure of finding the story hidden inside things you say every day.

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What do you call someone who loves words?

There is a word for a person who loves words: a logophile. Here are the names for word-lovers, from the ancient philologist to the modern verbivore, and the quiet club they all belong to.

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What did focus originally mean?

Before it meant attention, focus was the Latin word for the fireplace. The story runs from the Roman hearth, through Kepler's lenses, to whatever your household gathers around now.

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Why does Gift mean poison in German?

In English a gift is a present. In German, Gift means poison. They are the very same word. Here is how one word for giving ended up with two opposite meanings.

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